Allergic reactions are reactions that occur as a result of an over-response of the immune system to normally harmless substances such as pollen, mould spores, animal hairs or certain foods.
These substances that can cause allergies are called allergens.
Allergic reactions are usually “misidentified” by the immune system as dangerous substances and trigger an exaggerated response that can cause a range of symptoms. These symptoms can vary depending on the person affected and the type of allergen. Some common symptoms of an allergic reaction include nasal congestion, watering, itching, skin rash, hives, swelling, difficulty breathing, coughing, sneezing, gastrointestinal problems (e.g. nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea), and in severe cases, even anaphylactic shock, which is a life-threatening condition.
To diagnose allergic reactions, allergy tests and clinical tests can be carried out to help identify allergens and determine what the person is reacting to. Their treatment may usually be based on avoidance of the allergen, taking medication (e.g. antihistamines, corticosteroids) or, in severe cases, epinephrine.
Several approaches can be used to reduce allergic reactions.
Allergen avoidance: the easiest way to reduce allergy symptoms is to avoid allergens. If you know what you are allergic to, try to stay away from or minimize contact with the allergen. For example, if you have a pollen allergy, try to avoid areas or times with high pollen concentrations.
Use of medicines: there are several types of medicines to relieve allergy symptoms. Antihistamines reduce the levels of histamine in the body that cause allergic reactions, while corticosteroids reduce inflammation and the severity of allergic symptoms. In addition, there are other medicines, such as nasal sprays and eye drops, that can relieve allergy symptoms.
Immunotherapy (allergy desensitisation): immunotherapy is a method of administering small doses of allergens into the body to gradually habituate the person to their presence and reduce the severity of the immune reaction. It can be a long-term solution to reduce the frequency and severity of allergic reactions.
Room cleanliness: regular cleaning and removal of dust mites, mould and other potential allergen sources can help reduce allergy symptoms in the home.
Lifestyle changes: some lifestyle changes can also help reduce allergic reactions. For example, eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly and getting enough sleep can strengthen the immune system, which can help relieve allergy symptoms.
